Grade 10 Foundation
March 12, 2025 2025-07-29 15:56Grade 10 Foundation
Course Description
The Grade 10 Foundation Course is a focused academic program designed to prepare students for board exams and competitive tests like JEE, NEET, and NTSE. It offers integrated learning across Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Logical Reasoning. In Math, students build conceptual clarity in real numbers, polynomials, quadratic equations, progressions, geometry, trigonometry, and statistics. Science covers key themes: light, electricity, and magnetism in Physics; reactions, acids-bases, metals, and carbon compounds in Chemistry; and life processes, reproduction, heredity, and ecosystems in Biology. Logical Reasoning enhances analytical thinking and structured problem-solving. The curriculum ensures a smooth transition from core understanding to advanced application.
Learning Objective
This course aims to strengthen core academic skills and problem-solving abilities in Math and Science. Students will refine algebraic thinking, geometrical reasoning, data interpretation, and trigonometric fluency. Science objectives include understanding mechanisms across physical, chemical, and biological systems and applying concepts through structured logic and practical analysis. The course fosters scientific temper, quantitative reasoning, and a disciplined thought process—key for academic success and entrance exam readiness.
What Will I Learn?
Students will master algebra, coordinate geometry, progressions, trigonometry, and statistics, along with their real-world applications. Physics topics include optics, current, magnetism, and motion. Chemistry covers chemical equations, acids and bases, metal reactivity, bonding, and hydrocarbons. Biology introduces digestion, respiration, reproduction, heredity, and environment. Logical reasoning builds critical thinking and pattern recognition. The course helps students build strong academic foundations, exam confidence, and real-world analytical skills.
Additional Info

Practice
Regular exercises and interactive activities to reinforce key concepts in each subject.

Doubt-Solving
Dedicated sessions to address and clarify any questions or difficulties students encounter.

Reports
Detailed reports on experiments and projects to track progress and understanding.
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Mathematics
Chemistry
Physics
Biology
Real Numbers
Introduction
Real Numbers
Euclid’s Division Lemma
Finding H.C.F. by Euclid’s Division Lemma
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Irrational Numbers
Some Results on Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers and their Decimal Expansion
Imaginary Numbers
Complex Numbers and their Notation
Operations on Complex Numbers
Polynomials
Introduction to Polynomials
General Equation of Polynomial of nth Degree
Zeroes of a Polynomial
Geometrical meaning of Zeroes of Polynomial (linear, quadratic, cubic)
Relationship Between the Zeroes and Coefficients of a quadratic Polynomial
Relationship between zeroes and coefficient of a cubic polynomial
Factor theorem
Remainder theorem
HCF and LCM of Polynomials
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Introduction
Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Variables
Solution of the System of Equations
Representing Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Graphically
Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations
Consistent & Inconsistent System of Linear Equations
Substitution Method
Elimination Method
Cross Multiplication Method
Equations Reducible to a Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Applications of Pair of Linear Equations
Linear Inequalities
Quadratic Equations
Introduction
Roots of a Quadratic Equation
Solving A Quadratic Equation by Splitting the Middle Term
Solving A Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square Method
Solving A Quadratic Equation by Finding the Roots by Using the Quadratic Formula
Nature of Roots
Sum and Product of the Roots
To Construct a Quadratic Equation whose Roots are Given
Word Problems on Quadratic Equations
Equations Reducible to Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Inequations
Maximum or Minimum Value of a Quadratic Expression
Arithmetic Progressions
Introduction
Arithmetic Progressions
nth term of an Arithmetic progression
Sum of n Terms of an AP - I
Sum of n Terms of an AP - II
Selection of terms in an AP
Arithmetic Mean (AM)
Geometric Progression
nth term of a GP
Sum of n terms of a GP
Geometric Mean (GM)
Harmonic Progression (HP)
nth term of a HP
Harmonic Mean (HM)
Relation between AM, HM and GM
Triangles
Introduction
Similarity of Polygons
Basic Proportionality Theorem
Converse of BPT
Criterion for Similarity of Triangles – I
Criterion for Similarity of Triangles - II
Areas of Two Similar Triangles
Pythagoras Theorem
Vertical Angle Bisector Theorem
Concurrency - Geometric Centres of a Triangle
Coordinate Geometry
Introduction
The Coordinate Plane and Sign Convention
Distance Formula
Section formula
Midpoint Formula
Trisection of a Line Segment
Centroid of triangle
Median and altitude of Triangle
Area of triangle
Area of Quadrilateral
Slope of A Line
Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Trigonometry
Introduction to Trigonometry
History of Trigonometry
System of Measurement of Angles
Trigonometric Ratios
Pythagoras Theorem
Trigonometric Ratio
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
Trigonometric Identities
Applications of Trigonometry
Application of Trigonometry
Angle of Elevation & Depression
Applications of Trigonometry (Problem Solving) - I
Applications of Trigonometry (Problem Solving) - II
Circles
Introduction to Circles
Basic Terminology
Angle Subtended by a Chord Related Theorems
Angles Subtended by an Arc & Related Theorems and Cyclic Quadrilateral
Tangent to a Circle
Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle and Related Theorems
Problem Solving
Common Tangents to Circles
Locus and its Equation
Areas Related to Circles
Introduction
Basic Terminology
Circumference and Area of Circular Ring
Area of Sector
Area of Segment
Areas of Combinations of Plane Figures
Problem Solving
Surface Areas and Volumes
Introduction to Surface Area and Volume
Surface Area & Volume of Cuboid & Cube
Surface Area & Volume of a Cylinder and Hollow Cylinder
Surface Area & Volume of a Right Circular Cone
Surface Area & Volume of Sphere and Spherical shell
Surface Area & Volume of hemisphere and Hemispherical shell
Combination of Solids
Recasting of Solids
Pipe flow and Frustum of cone
Problem Solving
Statistics
Introduction
Mean of ungrouped data
Mean of Grouped Data
Median of ungrouped data
Median of Grouped Data
Mode of ungrouped data
Mode of grouped data
Empirical relationship
Ogive Curve
Probability
Introduction of Probability
Sample Space and Event
Measurement of Probability
Probability of an Event E
Probability of Non-occurrence of an Event E
Classification of a Pack (or Deck) of Cards
Important cases
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Introduction
What are Chemical Reactions?
Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction
Chemical Equations
Types of Chemical Equations
Unbalanced and Balanced Chemical Equations
Steps Involved in Balancing a Chemical Equation
Balancing a Chemical Equation -II
Advantages and Disadvantage of Chemical Equation
Types of Chemical Reactions - I (Combination and decomposition)
Types of Chemical Reactions - II (displacement and double displacement reaction)
Redox reaction (Reduction + Oxidation)
Effect of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life
Acids , Bases and Salts
Introduction
Acids
Classification of Acids - I
Classification of Acids - II
Bases
Classification of Bases - I
Classification of Bases - II
Types of indicators and their uses
Physical and chemical properties of acids
Chemical properties of acids-II
Physical and chemical properties of Bases
Uses of acids and bases
What do all Acids and Bases have in Common?
pH Scale and Importance of pH in everyday life
Classification of Salts
General methods of preparation of salts
Sodium chloride / common salt
sodium hydroxide
Bleaching Powder
Baking Soda
Washing Soda (Sodium carbonate)
Plaster of Paris and their uses
Metals and Non Metals
Introduction
Position of Metals
Non Metals and Metalloids
Metals
Difference between Metals and Non metals (On the basis of physical properties)
Chemical Properties of Metals & Non Metals -I
Chemical Properties of Metals & Non Metals -II
Reaction of metals with non metals (Ionic bond)
Occurrence of metals
Minerals and Ores
Metallurgy
Enrichment of ore or concentration of ore-I
Enrichment of ore or concentration of ore-II
Extraction of the metal from the concentrated ore or enriched ore
Purification or Refining of Metals
Corrosion of metals
Carbon and its Compounds
Introduction
Bonding in carbon Compound
Covalent bond
Characteristic Properties of Covalent Compounds
Versatile nature of carbon
Allotropes of carbon
Organic compounds (vital force theory and its rejections)
Isomerism
Classification of hydrocarbons
Homologous series
Functional groups
Nomenclature of organic compounds – trivial system
IUPAC Name: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Nomenclature of organic compounds IUPAC Naming-II
Chemical properties of organic compound
Combustion Reaction
Oxidation reaction
Addition reaction
Substitution Reaction
Some important carbon compounds – Ethanol and Ethanoic acid
Soaps
Detergents & Cleaning Mechanism
Basics of Hydrocarbon*
Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Unique properties of carbon (Tetravalency
Catenation)
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Structure and Properties of Alkanes
Alkanes – Preparation & Reactions
Structure and Properties of Alkenes
Alkenes – Reactions and Uses
Structure and Properties of Alkynes
Alkynes – Reactions and Uses
Isomerism in Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons in Daily Life
Light Reflection and Refraction
Introduction of Light
Different Theories on the Nature of Light
Properties of Light
Ray and Beam of Light
Reflection of Light
Laws and types of reflection
Concept of Object and Image
Mirror
Plane Mirror
Image formed between two Inclined plane mirrors
Spherical Mirrors
Important terms related to Spherical Mirrors
Rules for Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
Ray Diagrams of Image Formation by the Concave Mirror and Convex Mirror
Uses of Concave and Convex Mirrors
New Cartesian Sign Convention
Mirror formula and Magnification
Refraction
Laws of Refraction
Refractive Index
Factors on which the Refractive Index of Medium Depends
Principle of Reversibility
Refraction through a Glass Slab
Real and Apparent Depths
Total Internal Reflection and its application
Spherical Lens
Important terms related to Spherical Lenses
Rules for Image Formation by Spherical Lenses
Ray Diagrams of Image Formation by Convex Lens and Concave Lens
Sign convention for Spherical Lenses
Lens formula and magnification of lens
Power of a Lens
Lenses in contact
Simple Microscope
The Human Eye and Colorful World
Introduction
Human Eye
Parts of the Human Eye
Working of Human Eye
Terms Related to Vision
Defects of Vision and their Correction (Myopia)
Defects of Vision and their Correction (Hypermetropia)
Defects of Vision and their Correction (Presbyopia)
Refraction of Light through a Prism
Equation of Prism
Angle of Minimum Deviation and Deviation Produced by a thin Prism
Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism
Formation of Rainbow
Atmospheric Refraction and its effect
Scattering of Light and its effect
Electricity
Introduction to Electricity
Electric Charge and its Properties
Conductors and Insulators
Electric current
Electric Potential and Potential difference
Electric Circuit and Circuit Diagram
Ohm's Law
Experimental verification of ohm's law
Resistance
Factors Affecting Resistance and Resistivity
Combination of Resistors
Electric Cell and EMF of a cell
Terminal Voltage
Internal Resistance of a cell
Relation between emf, terminal voltage and internal resistance
Series grouping of cell
Parallel grouping of cell
Heating Effects of Electric Current
Joules Law of Heating
Applications of Heating Effects of Electric current
Electric power
Kirchhoff's Law
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Introduction of Magnet and Important Properties of Magnet
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Lines
Oersted’s Experiment
Right-Hand Thumb Rule
Maxwell’s Cork Screw Rule
Magnetic Field due to a Long Straight Current Carrying Wire
Magnetic Field due to Circular Current Carrying Wire
Magnetic Field due to Current Carrying Solenoid
Electromagnets
Difference between an Electromagnet and a Permanent Magnet
Force on Current Carrying Conductor kept in a Magnetic Field
Fleming's Left Hand Rule
Electric Motor
Electromagnetic Induction and Lenz's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction and Fleming's Right Hand Rule
Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
Electric Generator
Domestic Electric Circuit
Short-Circuiting and Overloading
Earthing
Projectile Motion
Introduction to vectors
Representation of Vectors
Angle between the vectors
Types of Vectors
Magnitude of a vector
Resolution of a vector
Vector addition
Projectile Motion
Ground to Ground Projection
Magnitude of velocity at any point
Angle at any Point
Time of flight (T)
Maximum Height
Horizontal Range (R)
Equation of trajectory
Special Cases of Projectile Motion
Horizontal Projection from a Height
Projection from a Height at an Angle θ Above Horizontal
Projection from a Height at an Angle θ Below Horizontal
Life Processes
Introduction and Modes of Nutrition
Photosynthesis
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Stomata and Transpiration
Activities to prove various factors essential for the process of photosynthesis
Nutrition in Amoeba and Paramoecium
Human Digestive System- Mouth
Pharynx and Oesophagus
Human Digestive System- Stomach and Small intestine
Human Digestive System- Large intestine and Egestion
Respiration and its types
Respiration in Plants and Human Respiratory System
Mechanism of Breathing
Exchange and transport of gases
Transportation in Animals- Blood and Blood vessels
Heart
Blood circulation and Lymph
Transportation in Plants- Xylem and Phloem
Excretion in Humans and Plants
Control and Coordination
Introduction and Receptors
Neuron and its types
Synapse
Conduction and transmission of nerve impulse
Reflex action
Central Nervous System- Brain
Central Nervous System- Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Coordination in Plants- Plant Hormones and Movement in plants
Endocrine System
Endocrine gland- Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland and Thymus
Endocrine gland- Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Testis and ovaries
Endocrine Disorders
Feedback mechanism and Hunger management
How do Organisms Reproduce
Introduction
DNA replication and Variation
Types of reproduction
Asexual Reproduction- Fission
Spore formation
Fragmentation
Budding
Asexual reproduction- Vegetative propagation and Tissue culture
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants- Pollination
Fertilization
Fruit and Seed
Male Reproductive System in Human Beings
Female Reproductive System
Oogenesis
Fertilization and Embryogenesis
Menstruation and Reproductive health
Heredity
Introduction and DNA
Variation and Accumulation of variation during reproduction
Heredity
Mendel's Experiment
Monohybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
Laws of Mendel and Sex Determination
Our Environment
Introduction
Components and types of Ecosystem
Food chain and types of Food chain
Food Web and Biomagnification
Influence of Human Activities on Nature and Surroundings
Ozone depletion
Waste production and their management
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste
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Subjects Includes
Math
Physics
Chemistry
Biology