Grade 8 Foundation
March 25, 2025 2025-07-29 15:55Grade 8 Foundation
Course Description
The Grade 8 Foundation Course is designed as an advanced academic bridge, preparing students for higher-order thinking and complex problem-solving. It builds upon prior knowledge while introducing key concepts in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology that are fundamental to academic success in secondary and senior secondary levels. The curriculum has been carefully structured to strengthen core concepts such as algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and data analysis in Mathematics, deepen understanding of atomic structure, chemical reactions, and molecular biology in Science, and refine the analytical and reasoning abilities crucial for logical thinking. Emphasizing clarity, application, and rigorous practice, this course is a comprehensive preparatory platform for students to develop both subject mastery and critical thinking skills.
Learning Objective
The course aims to solidify mathematical understanding through advanced topics including real numbers, polynomials, functions, coordinate geometry, and trigonometry. It encourages the development of scientific reasoning through structured exposure to chemical bonding, periodic trends, thermodynamics, and the basics of electricity and magnetism. In Biology, the focus is on understanding cellular structure, microbial diversity, plant and animal physiology, genetics, and biotechnology. Physics concepts such as motion, friction, heat transfer, sound waves, and optics are introduced with real-world applications to ignite curiosity and problem-solving abilities. Throughout the course, students will enhance their data interpretation skills, logical analysis, and scientific communication. The goal is to nurture independent learners equipped with a strong academic base and the ability to apply knowledge across disciplines.
What Will I Learn?
Students will master advanced numerical concepts including square roots, cube roots, indices, and real numbers, enabling them to solve complex problems involving rationalization and linear equations in one and two variables. They will dive deep into matrices, coordinate geometry, trigonometric identities, arithmetic progressions, and algebraic structures like polynomials and functions, further enriched with comparative quantity analysis, surface areas, and volumes. The course also covers logarithmic functions and their applications. In Chemistry, learners will explore the intricacies of chemical bonding, chemical equilibrium, electrolysis, and the versatile nature of carbon, along with a detailed study of periodic trends and mole concepts. They will become familiar with industrially important compounds and their properties. Biology modules guide students through the microscopic world of cells and microorganisms, the diversity of the animal kingdom, principles of locomotion, genetics, and the marvels of biotechnology and reproduction. In Physics, students will engage with the principles of measurements, dimensional analysis, vector operations, frictional forces, heat transfer methods, sound propagation, current electricity, and the behavior of light through reflection and refraction. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with a robust framework of knowledge, logical thinking, and scientific inquiry, ready to excel in advanced studies and competitive environments.
Additional Info

Practice
Regular exercises and interactive activities to reinforce key concepts in each subject.

Doubt-Solving
Dedicated sessions to address and clarify any questions or difficulties students encounter.

Reports
Detailed reports on experiments and projects to track progress and understanding.
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Mathematics
Chemistry
Biology
Physics
Square and Cube Roots
Square of a Number
Properties of Square Numbers
Square Root, Prime Factorisation Method
Methods of Finding Square Roots – Long Division
Methods of Finding Square Roots – Repeated Subtraction, Estimation of Square Root
Cube of a Number, Some Interesting Patterns
Properties of Cubes of Natural Numbers
Cube Root, Prime Factorization Method
Methods of Finding Cube Roots
Cube Roots of Negative Numbers, Cube Roots of Rational Numbers
Indices
Laws of Indices - I
Laws of Indices - II
Problem Solving on Laws
Exponential Equations
Radical
Operations on Radical: Addition and Subtraction
Operations on Radical: Multiplication and Division
Exponents and Radicals
Real Numbers
Introduction to Number System
Representation of Rational Numbers on a Number Line
Operation on Rational Numbers (Addition & Subtraction)
Operation on Rational Numbers (Multiplication & Division)
Properties of Rational Numbers (Closure Property, Commutative Property)
Properties of Rational Numbers (Associative Property, Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition)
Additive and Multiplicative Identities
Rational Numbers Between Two Rational Numbers
Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers
Converting Decimal Number into P/Q Form
Irrational Numbers, Properties of Irrational Numbers
Operation on Irrational Numbers
Rationalisation
Solution of Linear Equations
Introduction to Equations, Properties of an Equation
Solving Equations Having the Variable on One Side
Solving Equations Having the Variable on Both Sides
Equations Reducible to the Linear Form
Application of Linear Equations (Word Problems) - I
Application of Linear Equations (Word Problems) - II
Introduction to Linear Equations in Two Variables
Graph of Linear Equation in Two Variables
Solving Linear Equations in Two Variables (Substitution)
Solving Linear Equations in Two Variables (Elimination)
Matrices
Introduction to Matrices, Order of Matrix, General Representation of Matrix
Principal Diagonal of a Square Matrix, Trace of a Matrix, Equality of Matrices
Types of Matrices - I
Types of Matrices - II
Addition of Matrices, Properties of Matrix Addition, Subtraction of Matrices, Properties of Matrix Subtraction
Multiplication of a Matrix by Scalar
Matrix Multiplication: (2 × 2) by (2 × 2)
Transpose of a Matrix
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
Coordinate Geometry
Introduction to Coordinate Geometry, Cartesian System
Coordinates of a Point, Distance of Point from Axes, Plotting of a Point on Coordinate Axes
Distance Between Two Points
Application of Distance Formula (Collinearity)
Section Formula
Problem on Section Formula
Mid-Point Formula
Introduction to 3-D Coordinate Geometry
Trigonometry
Introduction to Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles
Trigonometric Ratios of 45, 60 and 30
Trigonometric Ratios of 0 and 90
Trigonometric Identity
Fundamental Maths
Introduction to Equations/Inequalities
Introduction to Linear Inequalities
Properties of Inequalities
Graphs of Inequalities
Absolute Value of Function or Modulus Function
Properties of Modulus
Modulus Inequalities
Greatest Integer Function
Fractional Part
Arithmetic Progression
Introduction to Arithmetic Progression
General Term of AP
Problems on General Term of AP
Sum of 'n' Terms of an A.P.
Properties of A.P.
Word Problems Related to AP
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
Polynomials
Introduction to Polynomials
Degree of Polynomial / Classification of Polynomial
Value & Zeros of a Polynomial
Remainder Theorem / Factor Theorem
Application of Factor Theorem in Factorisation of Polynomials
Factorisation of Polynomials by Long Division Method
Factorisation by Splitting the Middle Term
HCF & LCM of Polynomials
Relation Between the HCF, the LCM and the Product of Polynomials
Functions and Its Graphs
Definition of Functions
Type of Functions
Modifying Functions by Shifting - Vertical
Modifying Functions by Shifting - Horizontal
Solution of the Function from Graph
Plotting Graphs - Linear, Quadratic
Plotting Graphs - Cubic, Reciprocal
Comparing Quantities
Introduction to Ratios, Compound Ratio, The Simplest Form of Ratio
Percentage
Finding the Increase or Decrease Percent
Estimation in Percentages, Finding Cost Price/Selling Price
Profit and Loss
Finding Discount, and Successive Discounts
Sales Tax/Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax
Simple Interest
Application of Simple Interest (Problem)
Compound Interest
Deducing a Formula for Compound Interest
Rate Compounded Annually or Half Yearly
Applications of Compound Interest Formula
Surface Area and Volume
Introduction, Surface Area of Cube
Volume of Cube
Surface Area of Cuboid
Volume of Cuboid
Surface Area & Volume of Cylinder
Surface Area & Volume of Hollow Cylinder
Surface Area & Volume of Sphere
Surface Area and Volume of Hollow Sphere
Surface Area and Volume of Cone
Recasing of Solids
Combination of Solids
Logarithm
Introduction of Logarithm
Conversion to Log into Exponential Form
Laws for Logarithm - I
Laws for Logarithm - II
Laws for Logarithm - III
Logarithmic Equations
Chemical Bonding
Introduction, Valency
Ionic Bond, Energy Changes Involved in the Formation of Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond, Energy Changes During Covalent Bond Formation
Theories of Covalent Bond Formation
Non-polar Covalent Bond, Polar Covalent Bond
Octet Rule, Exceptions to the Octet Rule, Incomplete Octet Rule, Expanded Octet
Coordinate Covalent Bond, Metallic Bond, Electrical Conductivity of Metals
Important Properties of Covalent and Ionic Compounds
Chemical Equilibrium
Introduction, Reversible Reaction and Irreversible Reaction
Physical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium and Their Characteristics
Recognition of Equilibrium State
Types of Chemical Equilibria on the Basis of Physical State (Homogeneous Equilibria, Heterogeneous Equilibria)
Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant
Relationship Between Kp & Kc
Application of Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient
Electrolysis
Introduction, Some Important Terms (Electrolyte and Non-Electrolyte)
Oxidation, Reduction
Conduction in Compounds
Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
Characteristics of Electrolysis, Ionization
Electrochemical Series and Its Application
Electrolytic Cell
Electrometallurgy
Study of Compounds
Introduction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses of Hydrogen Chloride
General and Laboratory Methods of Hydrogen Chloride
Introduction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses of Nitric Acid
General and Laboratory Methods of Nitric Acid
Physical and Chemical Properties, Preparation Methods and Uses of Sulphuric Acid
Versatile Nature of Carbon
Introduction
Carbon Cycle and Its Importance, Occurrence of Carbon in Nature
Free State, Combined State, Allotropy, Crystalline Allotropes of Carbon
Comparative Analysis of Diamond, Graphite and Fullerenes, Uses of Diamond, Graphite and Fullerenes
Charcoal, Bone Charcoal, Sugar Charcoal, Physical and Chemical Properties of Charcoal
Compounds of Carbon: Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
Preparation and Properties of Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Methane
Periodic Trends
Introduction, Development of Periodic Table
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table and Modern Periodic Table
Predicting Atomic Number and Determination of Periodic Block
Periodic Properties and Screening Effect and Nuclear Charge
Ionization Energy and Electron Gain Enthalpy
Electronegativity and Diagonal Relationship
Mole Concept
Introduction
Atoms and Molecules
Atomic Mass, Gram Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass and Gram Molecular Mass
Calculation of Molecular Mass
Mole: Need and Importance
Numerical Problems: Mass to Mole
Numerical Problems: Mole to Number of Atoms/Molecules
Cell: Structure and Functions
Introduction, Story of Microscope and Discovery of the Cell
The Cell Theory and Plasma Membrane
Transfer of Substances Through Plasma Membrane (Passive Transport)
Active Transport and Bulk Transport
Cell Wall, Nucleus, Cytoplasm and Protoplasm
Cell Organelles - Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Plastids and Vacuoles
Types of Organisms, Difference Between Animal and Plant Cell
Microorganisms
Introduction to Microorganism and Bacteria
Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Virus
Commercial Uses of Microorganisms - Curd, Bread, Alcohol, Wine, and Acetic Acid
Production of Cheese, Organic Acids, Enzymes, Bioactive Molecule
Medicinal Use of Microorganisms - Antibiotics
Vaccines and Increasing Soil Fertility
Microbes in Cleaning the Environment, Production of Biogas, Sewage Treatment and Bio-Control Agents
Harmful Microorganisms
Food Poisoning and Food Preservation
Nitrogen Fixation
Animal Kingdom
Introduction, Taxonomic Hierarchy
Basis of Classification
Animal Kingdom: Non Chordates - Porifera, Coelenterata and Ctenophora
Non Chordates - Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes and Annelida
Non Chordates - Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Hemichordata
Chordates - Subphylum Urochordata and Cephalochordata
Subphylum Vertebrata - Agnatha and Gnathostomata, Super Class - Pisces
Super Class - Tetrapoda, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia
Locomotion and Movement
Introduction, Types of Movement and Locomotion
Muscle and Its Types
Structure of Skeletal Muscle and Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Skeletal System and Skull
Vertebral Column, Sternum and Ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Joints
Disorder of Muscular and Skeletal System
Biotechnology: Principles, Processes and Applications
Introduction, Principles of Biotechnology, Understanding the Role of Genes and DNA in Biotechnology
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
Process of Recombinant DNA Technology
Applications of Biotechnology
Reproduction in Animals
Introduction, Types of Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction
Male Reproductive System in Humans - Structure
Accessory Glands and Spermatogenesis
Female Reproductive System in Humans
Oogenesis and Fertilization
Development of Embryo, Menstruation
IVF (Test Tube Babies), Viviparous and Oviparous Animals
Metamorphosis in Frog and Insect
Asexual Reproduction, Cloning
Chemical Coordination in Plants and Animals
Introduction, Glands and Hormones
Human Endocrine System: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland and Pineal Gland
Thyroid, Parathyroid and Thymus, and Adrenal Gland
Pancreas, Testis, Ovaries and Feedback Mechanism
Coordination in Plants, Phytohormones
Movement in Plants
Units and Dimensions
Physical Quantities, Types of Physical Quantities, Unit and Its Types
Measurement, System of Units, Common Practical Units, Abbreviations in Power of Ten
Dimensions of a Physical Quantity, Dimensional Formulas and Applications of Dimensional Analysis
Errors of Measurement, Types of Errors, Representation of Errors
Propagation of Errors
Significant Figures, Rules for Determining the Number of Significant Figures, Rules for Rounding Off a Number
Vectors
Introduction to Trigonometry, Physical Quantities, Representation of Vectors, Angle Between the Vectors
Types of Vectors, Magnitude of Vectors
Resolution of Vectors
Vector Addition
Vector Subtraction
Dot Product of Vectors
Friction
Introduction to Friction, Direction, Cause of Frictional Force, Factors Affecting Friction, Effects of Friction
Normal Reaction, Types of Friction
Equation of Static and Kinetic Friction
Variation of Frictional Force with Applied Force, Fluid Friction
Reducing Friction, Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of Friction
Heat Transfer and Calorimetry
Introduction to Heat, Units and Effects of Heat
Conduction, Equation of Conduction
Convection, Land Breeze and Sea Breeze
Radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann's Constant
Calorimetry, Specific Heat
Sound
Sound, Production of Sound, Production of Sound in Humans
Propagation of Sound
Wave Motion
Characteristics of Wave
Speed of Sound and Light in Different Medium, Factors on Which Speed of Sound Depends
Characteristics of Sound, Reflection of Sound
Echo, Audible and Inaudible Sounds
Human Ear
Current Electricity
Current Electricity, Electric Charge and Its Properties
Electric Current, Thermal and Drift Velocity
Electric Potential and Potential Difference
Ohm's Law and Resistance
Factors Affecting Resistance and Resistivity
Combination of Resistors
Light - Reflection and Refraction
Introduction and Properties of Light, Reflection of Light
Laws of Reflection, Types of Reflection, Concept of Object and Image
Spherical Mirrors, Rules for Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
Ray Diagrams of Image Formation by the Spherical Mirror
Sign Convention for Spherical Mirror, Mirror Formula and Magnification
Refraction of Light, Refractive Index
Principle of Reversibility, Refraction Through a Glass Slab
Real Depth and Apparent Depth
Total Internal Reflection
Lenses and Types of Lenses, Important Terms Related to Spherical Lenses
Rules for Image Formation by Spherical Lenses, Ray Diagrams of Image Formation by the Spherical Lenses
Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses, Lens Formula, Magnification and Power of the Lens
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Subjects Includes
Math
Physics
Chemistry
Biology